說(shuo)明：
一(yi)(yi)、激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)性及其前景 六十(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出現(xian)，開創了光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)學領域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)嶄新局面(mian)，促進了光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進程和發(fa)(fa)展。激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核(he)心組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)部分，而激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)(ti)是(shi)(shi)(shi)激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)物(wu)質。自1960年(nian)(nian)第一(yi)(yi)臺紅寶(bao)石激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)問世(shi)以后，人們對激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)物(wu)質進行了廣泛深入的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究與(yu)探索。固(gu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)(ti)經(jing)(jing)(jing)歷(li)了六十(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)起步(bu)，七十(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)探索，八十(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展過程，固(gu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)(ti)己從(cong)最初幾種(zhong)基質晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)(ti)發(fa)(fa)展到(dao)常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數十(shi)(shi)(shi)種(zhong)。作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)固(gu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主體(ti)(ti)(ti)，激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)(ti)發(fa)(fa)展成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)固(gu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)支(zhi)柱(zhu)。正是(shi)(shi)(shi)由于激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)(ti)具(ju)(ju)有(you)如此的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)性，才使(shi)其成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)具(ju)(ju)有(you)廣闊發(fa)(fa)展前景的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)固(gu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)材(cai)(cai)料。根據國(guo)(guo)外有(you)關資料，世(shi)界激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)具(ju)(ju)有(you)持續穩定增長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)市場前景。多年(nian)(nian)來各國(guo)(guo)政府(fu)在(zai)撥款(kuan)方面(mian)逐(zhu)漸(jian)減(jian)少(shao)，迫使(shi)各企業(ye)(ye)努力開發(fa)(fa)民用(yong)(yong)產(chan)(chan)品，采用(yong)(yong)新技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)和降低成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)措施(shi)，并結合用(yong)(yong)戶市場的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需求(qiu)開發(fa)(fa)新產(chan)(chan)品，尤(you)其自1996豐以來，激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)市場，包括材(cai)(cai)料加(jia)工(gong)(gong)、醫療、通(tong)訊(xun)等迅速擴大，銷售持續穩定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增長(chang)。據BCC公司的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統計表明，按平均年(nian)(nian)增長(chang)12.1%計，僅美(mei)(mei)國(guo)(guo)激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)材(cai)(cai)料和元(yuan)部件(jian)市場從(cong)1996年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)4.763億美(mei)(mei)元(yuan)將達到(dao)2000年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)7.653億美(mei)(mei)元(yuan)。 二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)世(shi)紀(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)(shi)信息化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)世(shi)紀(ji)(ji)，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)信息社會發(fa)(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)強大推動(dong)力，因(yin)(yin)此，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)一(yi)(yi)直被認為(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)下世(shi)紀(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)支(zhi)柱(zhu)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)。特(te)別是(shi)(shi)(shi)許多傳(chuan)統產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)在(zai)金融風暴(bao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沖擊(ji)下紛紛不支(zhi)倒地，更使(shi)微(wei)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)和光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)等高(gao)科技(ji)(ji)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)支(zhi)撐經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟增長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角色(se)日(ri)益(yi)突出。在(zai)近二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)內(nei)，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)將以30-60%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)平均速度發(fa)(fa)展，而材(cai)(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究和開發(fa)(fa)是(shi)(shi)(shi)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)發(fa)(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)先導和基礎，因(yin)(yin)此具(ju)(ju)有(you)廣闊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展前景。作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)材(cai)(cai)料，激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)(ti)從(cong)科學研(yan)究到(dao)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)生產(chan)(chan)，從(cong)軍用(yong)(yong)到(dao)民用(yong)(yong)，應(ying)用(yong)(yong)范圍很(hen)廣。目前90%左右的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)(ti)是(shi)(shi)(shi)摻入稀(xi)土(tu)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)活離子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。因(yin)(yin)此，稀(xi)土(tu)在(zai)激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)(ti)中(zhong)已經(jing)(jing)(jing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)族很(hen)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)元(yuan)素。由此可見，激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巨大發(fa)(fa)展將推動(dong)稀(xi)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廣泛應(ying)用(yong)(yong)。二(er)、稀(xi)土(tu)在(zai)激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)(ti)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong) 激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)(ti)是(shi)(shi)(shi)由晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)(ti)基質和激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)活離子(zi)(zi)組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)激(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)性能與(yu)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)...
說明(ming)：
稀(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)元素(su)本身(shen)具(ju)有(you)豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)結(jie)構(gou)，表現(xian)出許多(duo)光、電(dian)(dian)(dian)、磁(ci)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。稀(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)納(na)(na)(na)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)后(hou)，表現(xian)出許多(duo)特(te)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，如小尺寸效應、高(gao)(gao)比表面效應、量(liang)子(zi)(zi)效應、極(ji)強(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)光、電(dian)(dian)(dian)、磁(ci)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)質、超導性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、高(gao)(gao)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學活性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等(deng)(deng)(deng)，能(neng)(neng)大(da)大(da)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)和功能(neng)(neng)，開發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)出許多(duo)新材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)。在光學材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)、發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)光材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao) 、晶(jing)體(ti)(ti)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)、磁(ci)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)池材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)陶(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)、工程陶(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)、催(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)等(deng)(deng)(deng)高(gao)(gao)科技領域，將發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)揮重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。?一、目前開發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)研究和應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)領域 1.稀(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)光材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)：稀(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)納(na)(na)(na)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)熒光粉（彩電(dian)(dian)(dian)粉、燈粉），發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)光效率提(ti)高(gao)(gao)，將大(da)大(da)減少稀(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)。主要(yao)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)Y2O3、Eu2O3、Tb4O7、CeO2、Gd2O3。高(gao)(gao)清晰度(du)彩色電(dian)(dian)(dian)視的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)候選新材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)。? 2.納(na)(na)(na)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)超導材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)：使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)Y2O3制備的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)YBCO超導體(ti)(ti)，特(te)別薄膜材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)，性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)穩(wen)(wen)定，強(qiang)度(du)高(gao)(gao)，易加工，接近(jin)實用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)階段，前景廣闊。? 3.稀(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)納(na)(na)(na)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)磁(ci)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)：用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)磁(ci)存儲器(qi)、磁(ci)流體(ti)(ti)、巨磁(ci)阻(zu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)，性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)大(da)大(da)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)，使(shi)器(qi)件(jian)變得(de)高(gao)(gao)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)小型化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。如氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)巨磁(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)靶材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)（REMnO3等(deng)(deng)(deng)）。? 4.稀(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)高(gao)(gao)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)陶(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)：使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)超細或(huo)納(na)(na)(na)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)級(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)Y2O3、La2O3、Nd2O3、Sm2O3等(deng)(deng)(deng)制備的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)陶(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)傳感器(qi)、PTC材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)、微波(bo)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)、熱敏電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)），電(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)、熱性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)、穩(wen)(wen)定性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)得(de)到許多(duo)改(gai)善，是電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)升級(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)方面。如納(na)(na)(na)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)Y2O3和ZrO2在較(jiao)(jiao)低溫度(du)燒(shao)結(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)，具(ju)有(you)很強(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)強(qiang)度(du)和韌(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)軸承、刀具(ju)等(deng)(deng)(deng)耐(nai)磨器(qi)件(jian)；用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)納(na)(na)(na)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)Nd2O3 、Sm2O3等(deng)(deng)(deng)制作的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)層電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)、微波(bo)器(qi)件(jian)，性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)大(da)大(da)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)。? 5.稀(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)納(na)(na)(na)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)催(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)：在許多(duo)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學反應中，使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)稀(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)催(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)，若使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)稀(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)納(na)(na)(na)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)催(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)，催(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)活性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、催(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)效率將大(da)幅提(ti)高(gao)(gao)。現(xian)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)CeO2納(na)(na)(na)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)粉在汽(qi)車(che)尾氣凈化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)器(qi)上，具(ju)有(you)活性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)高(gao)(gao)、價格(ge)低、壽命長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優點，并代(dai)替了大(da)部分貴金屬，每年用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)數千噸。? 6.稀(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)紫外(wai)線吸收(shou)劑(ji)：納(na)(na)(na)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)CeO2粉對紫外(wai)線的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吸收(shou)極(ji)強(qiang)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)防(fang)曬化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)妝(zhuang)品，防(fang)曬纖維，汽(qi)車(che)玻(bo)璃等(deng)(deng)(deng)。? 7.稀(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)精密拋(pao)光：CeO2對玻(bo)璃等(deng)(deng)(deng)有(you)較(jiao)(jiao)好(hao)拋(pao)光作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。納(na)(na)(na)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)CeO2則有(you)較(jiao)(jiao)...
說(shuo)明：
17種稀土元(yuan)素(su)名(ming)稱(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)由來(lai)及用(yong)(yong)(yong)途淺說鑭(lan)(lan)(lan)(La) “鑭(lan)(lan)(lan)”這(zhe)個(ge)元(yuan)素(su)是1839年(nian)被(bei)命(ming)名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)，當時有(you)(you)個(ge)叫(jiao)“莫(mo)桑(sang)德”的(de)(de)(de)瑞(rui)典人發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)鈰土中(zhong)(zhong)含有(you)(you)其它元(yuan)素(su)，他(ta)借用(yong)(yong)(yong)希臘語中(zhong)(zhong)“隱藏(zang)”一詞(ci)把這(zhe)種元(yuan)素(su)取(qu)名(ming)為(wei)(wei)“鑭(lan)(lan)(lan)”。從(cong)(cong)(cong)此，鑭(lan)(lan)(lan)便(bian)登上了歷史舞臺(tai)。 鑭(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)非常(chang)廣(guang)泛，如應用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)材料(liao)(liao)(liao)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)熱材料(liao)(liao)(liao)、熱電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)材料(liao)(liao)(liao)、磁(ci)阻材料(liao)(liao)(liao)、發(fa)(fa)(fa)光(guang)(guang)(guang)材料(liao)(liao)(liao)（蘭(lan)粉）、貯氫(qing)(qing)材料(liao)(liao)(liao)、光(guang)(guang)(guang)學玻(bo)璃(li)、激光(guang)(guang)(guang)材料(liao)(liao)(liao)、各種合(he)金(jin)材料(liao)(liao)(liao)等。她也應用(yong)(yong)(yong)到制備許多有(you)(you)機(ji)化(hua)工產(chan)品的(de)(de)(de)催化(hua)劑(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)，光(guang)(guang)(guang)轉換(huan)農用(yong)(yong)(yong)薄膜也用(yong)(yong)(yong)到鑭(lan)(lan)(lan)，在國(guo)(guo)外(wai)，科學家把鑭(lan)(lan)(lan)對作物的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)賦與(yu)(yu)“超級鈣”的(de)(de)(de)美(mei)(mei)稱(cheng)(cheng)。鈰（Ce） “鈰”這(zhe)個(ge)元(yuan)素(su)是由德國(guo)(guo)人克勞普(pu)羅斯(si)，瑞(rui)典人烏(wu)斯(si)伯齊(qi)力、希生格爾于(yu)(yu)1803年(nian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)并命(ming)名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)，以紀念1801年(nian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)小行星(xing)——谷神星(xing)。 鈰廣(guang)泛應用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)（1）鈰作為(wei)(wei)玻(bo)璃(li)添加(jia)劑(ji)(ji)，能吸收紫外(wai)線(xian)與(yu)(yu)紅外(wai)線(xian)，現(xian)(xian)已被(bei)大(da)量(liang)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)汽車(che)玻(bo)璃(li)。不僅能防紫外(wai)線(xian)，還可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)降(jiang)低車(che)內溫度，從(cong)(cong)(cong)而節約空調用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。從(cong)(cong)(cong)1997年(nian)起，日本汽車(che)玻(bo)璃(li)全加(jia)入氧化(hua)鈰，1996年(nian)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)汽車(che)玻(bo)璃(li)的(de)(de)(de)氧化(hua)鈰至少有(you)(you)2000噸(dun)，美(mei)(mei)國(guo)(guo)約一千多噸(dun)。（2）目(mu)前(qian)正將鈰應用(yong)(yong)(yong)到汽車(che)尾氣(qi)凈化(hua)催化(hua)劑(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)有(you)(you)效(xiao)防止大(da)量(liang)汽車(che)廢氣(qi)排(pai)到空氣(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)。美(mei)(mei)國(guo)(guo)在這(zhe)方面的(de)(de)(de)消費量(liang)占稀土總(zong)消費量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)三分(fen)之(zhi)一強。（3）硫化(hua)鈰可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以取(qu)代鉛、鎘等對環境和人類(lei)有(you)(you)害(hai)的(de)(de)(de)金(jin)屬應用(yong)(yong)(yong)到顏(yan)料(liao)(liao)(liao)中(zhong)(zhong)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)對塑料(liao)(liao)(liao)著色(se)，也可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)涂(tu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)、油(you)墨和紙張等行業。目(mu)前(qian)領先的(de)(de)(de)是法國(guo)(guo)羅納普(pu)朗克公司(si)。（4）Ce:LiSAF激光(guang)(guang)(guang)系統是美(mei)(mei)國(guo)(guo)研制出來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)固(gu)體激光(guang)(guang)(guang)器，通(tong)過監測色(se)氨酸(suan)濃度可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)探查生物武器，還可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)醫(yi)學。鈰應用(yong)(yong)(yong)領域(yu)非常(chang)廣(guang)泛，幾乎所有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)稀土應用(yong)(yong)(yong)領域(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)都(dou)含有(you)(you)鈰。如拋光(guang)(guang)(guang)粉、儲氫(qing)(qing)材料(liao)(liao)(liao)、熱電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)材料(liao)(liao)(liao)、鈰鎢電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極、陶(tao)瓷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器、壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)陶(tao)瓷、鈰碳化(hua)硅磨料(liao)(liao)(liao)、燃料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池原料(liao)(liao)(liao)、汽油(you)催化(hua)劑(ji)(ji)、某些永磁(ci)材料(liao)(liao)(liao)、各種合(he)金(jin)鋼及有(you)(you)色(se)金(jin)屬等。鐠(Pr) 大(da)約160年(nian)前(qian)，瑞(rui)典人莫(mo)桑(sang)德從(cong)(cong)(cong)鑭(lan)(lan)(lan)中(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)了一種新的(de)(de)(de)元(yuan)素(su)，但它不是單一元(yuan)素(su)，莫(mo)桑(sang)德發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)這(zhe)種元(yuan)素(su)的(de)(de)(de)性質與(yu)(yu)鑭(lan)(lan)(lan)非常(chang)相(xiang)似，便(bian)將其定名(ming)為(wei)(wei)“鐠釹”。“鐠釹”希臘語為(wei)(wei)“雙生子”之(zhi)意...
說(shuo)明：
稀土金屬的某些(xie)物(wu)理特(te)性原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)序(xu)數(shu)元素(su)原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)量離子(zi)(zi)(zi)半 徑(埃)密度 (克/厘3)熔度 (℃)沸點(dian) (℃）氧化物(wu) 熔點(dian)(℃)比電阻(zu)歐(ou)姆· 厘米×106R3+離子(zi)(zi)(zi)磁矩 (波爾磁子(zi)(zi)(zi))熱中子(zi)(zi)(zi)俘獲 截面(mian)（靶(ba)）57La138.921.226.19920±54230 231556.80.008.958Ce140.131.186.768804±52930195075.32.560.759Pr140.921.166.769935±53020250068.03.6211.260Nd144.271.157.0071024±53180227064.33.684661Pm147.001.14－－－－－2.83－62Sm150.351.137.5041052±51630235088.01.55～1.65550063Eu152.001.135.166826±101490205081.33.40～3.50460064Gd157.261.117.8681350±2027302350140.57.944600065Tb158.931.098.253133625302387－9.74466Dy162.511.078.5651485±202330234056.010.6110067Ho164.941.058.79914902330236087.010.66468Er167.271.049.0581500～155026302355107.09.616669Tm168.941.049.3181500～16002130240079.07.611870Yb173.041.006.959824±51530234627.04.53671Lu174.990.999.8491650～...
說明：
什么是(shi)稀(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)？ 稀(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)就是(shi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)元(yuan)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)周期表中(zhong)(zhong)鑭(lan)系元(yuan)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)—鑭(lan)（La）、鈰（Ce）、鐠(pu)(Pr)、釹(Nd)、钷(Pm)、釤(shan)(Sm)、銪(Eu)、釓(Gd)、鋱(Tb)、鏑(Dy)、鈥(Ho)、鉺(Er)、銩(Tm)、鐿(yi)(Yb)、镥(Lu)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)及與鑭(lan)系的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)15個元(yuan)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)密切(qie)相關的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)個元(yuan)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)—鈧(kang)（Sc）和(he)釔(yi)(yi)(yi)（Y）共17種(zhong)(zhong)元(yuan)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)，稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)稀(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)元(yuan)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)（Rare Earth）。簡稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)稀(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)（RE或R）。 稀(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)元(yuan)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)最初是(shi)從瑞典(dian)產的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比較稀(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)少(shao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礦(kuang)(kuang)物(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)(fa)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，“土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)”是(shi)按當時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)習慣，稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)溶于(yu)水的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)，故稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)稀(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)。 根據稀(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)元(yuan)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)電子(zi)(zi)層(ceng)(ceng)結構和(he)物(wu)理化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)性(xing)質(zhi)(zhi)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)及它們在礦(kuang)(kuang)物(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)共生(sheng)情況和(he)不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)半徑可(ke)產生(sheng)不(bu)同性(xing)質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特征，十(shi)七(qi)種(zhong)(zhong)稀(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)元(yuan)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)通(tong)常分為(wei)二組。 輕稀(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)（又(you)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鈰組）包(bao)括：鑭(lan)、鈰、鐠(pu)、釹、钷、釤(shan)、銪、釓。 重(zhong)稀(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)（又(you)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)釔(yi)(yi)(yi)組）包(bao)括：鋱、鏑、鈥、鉺、銩、鐿(yi)、镥、鈧(kang)、釔(yi)(yi)(yi)。 稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鈰組或釔(yi)(yi)(yi)組，是(shi)因(yin)為(wei)礦(kuang)(kuang)物(wu)經(jing)分離(li)(li)得到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)稀(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)混合物(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)，常以(yi)(yi)(yi)鈰或釔(yi)(yi)(yi)占優勢(shi)而(er)得名。稀(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)元(yuan)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要物(wu)理化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)性(xing)質(zhi)(zhi) 稀(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)元(yuan)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)是(shi)典(dian)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)元(yuan)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)。它們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)活(huo)潑(po)性(xing)僅次于(yu)堿金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)和(he)堿土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)元(yuan)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)，而(er)比其(qi)他(ta)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)元(yuan)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)活(huo)潑(po)。在17個稀(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)元(yuan)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)當中(zhong)(zhong)，按金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)活(huo)潑(po)次序排列，由(you)鈧(kang)，釔(yi)(yi)(yi)、鑭(lan)遞(di)增，由(you)鑭(lan)到(dao)镥遞(di)減，即鑭(lan)元(yuan)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)最活(huo)潑(po)。稀(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)元(yuan)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)能(neng)形成(cheng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)穩定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)、鹵化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)、硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)。稀(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)元(yuan)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)和(he)氮(dan)、氫、碳、磷發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)反(fan)應，易溶于(yu)鹽酸、硫(liu)酸和(he)硝(xiao)酸中(zhong)(zhong)。 稀(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)易和(he)氧(yang)、硫(liu)、鉛(qian)等元(yuan)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)合生(sheng)成(cheng)熔點(dian)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)合物(wu)，因(yin)此在鋼水中(zhong)(zhong)加入(ru)稀(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)起(qi)到(dao)凈化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鋼的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效果。由(you)于(yu)稀(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)元(yuan)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)半徑比鐵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)半徑大，很容易填補在其(qi)晶粒及缺陷中(zhong)(zhong)，并(bing)生(sheng)成(cheng)能(neng)阻礙晶粒繼(ji)續生(sheng)長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)膜(mo)，從而(er)使(shi)晶粒細化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)而(er)提高鋼的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)能(neng)。 稀(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)元(yuan)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)具有(you)未充滿的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)4f電子(zi)(zi)層(ceng)(ceng)結構，并(bing)由(you)此而(er)產生(sheng)多種(zhong)(zhong)多樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電子(zi)(zi)能(neng)級。因(yin)此，稀(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)作(zuo)為(wei)優良的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熒(ying)光，激(ji)光和(he)電光源材料(liao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)及彩色玻璃、陶瓷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)釉料(liao)。 稀(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)與羥基、偶(ou)氮(dan)基或磺酸基等形成(cheng)結合物(wu)，使(shi)稀(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)廣泛用于(yu)印染行業。而(er)某(mou)些稀(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)元(yuan)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)具有(you)中(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)俘(fu)...